Double Sugar Agar, Russell, 5 kg

Gram-negative bacilli belonging to Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequently encountered bacterial isolates recovered from clinical specimens. Definitive identification of the members of Enterobacteriaceae requires a battery of biochemical tests (1). Double Sugar Agar, Russell is used for the differentiation of gram-negative enteric bacilli on the basis of their ability to ferment dextrose and lactose with or without gas formation. This medium was originally formulated by Russell (2) using litmus indicator. It was later modified by Nichols (3) and Nichols and Wood (4) by replacing the litmus indicator with phenol red. This medium is used for differentiating gram-negative enteric bacilli especially the colon-typhoid-salmonellae-dysentery groups based on the fermentation of the double sugars incorporated namely, dextrose and lactose. On incubation of inoculated tubed medium, acid production under aerobic condition (on the slant) and under anaerobic condition (in the butt) can be detected by the change in colour of the indicator. Phenol red is the pH indicator in the medium. Gaseous fermentation is indicated by splitting of the agar or by bubble formation in the butt. Organism like Salmonella Typhi capable of fermenting dextrose but not lactose will show an initial acid slant in short incubation period. Over a period of time as the dextrose gets consumed the reaction under aerobic condition reverts and becomes alkaline due to the oxidation of acids. Under anaerobic condition (in the butt), the same organism fails to revert the reaction and remains acidic. Peptic digest of animal tissue, casein enzymic hydrolysate and beef extract serve as sources of carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and other essential nutrients. Lactose and dextrose serve as sources of energy by being the fermentable carbohydrates. Phenol red is the pH indicator in the medium that is pink under alkaline conditions and yellow under acidic conditions. Sodium chloride helps to maintain the osmotic equilibrium of the medium. Pure cultures are used to inoculate the tubed medium (5). Storage and Shelf-life: Store below 30°C in tightly closed container and the prepared medium at 2 - 8°C. Use before expiry date on the label. References: 1. Koneman E. W., Allen S. D., Janda W. M., Schreckenberger P. C., Winn W. C. Jr., 1992, Colour Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 4th Ed., J. B. Lippinccott Company 2. Russell F. F., 1911, J. Med. Res., 25:217. 3. Nichols H. J., 1921, J. Infect. Dis., 2982 4. Nichols H. J. and Woods C. B., 1922, J. Infect. Dis., 30, 320 5. MacFaddin J. F., 1985, Media for Isolation-Cultivation-Identification-Maintenance of Medical Bacteria, Vol. 1, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore