Reagents

Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid gut peptide is secreted from the stomach. It stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary through GHS-R and plays important roles in energy homeostasis.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 (TNFRSF18) also known as activation-inducible TNFR family receptor (AITR) or glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF18 gene. GITR is

GLP1R binds specifically the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and has much lower affinity for related peptides such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon. GLP1R is known to be expressed in pancreatic beta cells.

The glucagon-like peptides include glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2 exert diverse actions on nutrient intake, gastrointestinal motility, islet hormone secretion, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as nutrient absorptionand assimilation.

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR), also known as the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone receptor (LHRHR), is a member of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. It is expressed on the surface of

The gene GPBRA1 encodes G protein-coupled bile acid receptor. Bile acid-binding induces its internalization, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and intracellular cAMP production.

GPR103 is known as an orphan G protein-coupled receptor with reported expression in brain, heart, kidney, adrenal gland, retina, and testis. GPR103 mRNA has been reported to be highly expressed in the superficial layers of the entire spinal cord and

The GPR68 is a proton-sensing receptor involved in pH homeostasis. A study revealed that in osteosarcoma cells and primary human osteoblast precursors which expression of GPR68 exhibit strong PH-dependent inositol phosphate formation.

CHO-K1/Gqi5 is a CHO-K1 cell line stably expressing the chimeric Gqi5 alpha subunit protein which a chimeric Gq protein instead of the last five carboxyl-terminal amino acids from Gi. It is used as a host cell for transfection expression of

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be

Histamine is a ubiquitous messenger molecule released from mast cells, enterochromaffin-like cells, and neurons. Its various actions are mediated by histamine receptors H1, H2, H3, and H4.

The histamine receptor H3 is a G_i-coupled GPCR expressed in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, cerebellum, amygdala, substantia nigra, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Activation of H3 receptor in human nasal mucosa