Recombinant Human TGF-beta 1 Monomer Protein (C09-1612-934)

TGF beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF beta superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure. TGF beta 1, 2 and 3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Each TGF beta isoform has some non redundant functions; for TGF beta 1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation, and die of overwhelming inflammation. Human TGF beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 29 aa signal peptide and a 361 aa proprotein. A furin-like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N terminal 249 aa latency associated peptide (LAP) and a C terminal 112 aa mature TGF beta 1. Disulfide-linked homodimers of LAP and TGF beta 1 remain non covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF beta 1 complex. Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix. TGF beta is activated from latency by pathways that include actions of the protease plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin 1 and a subset of integrins. Mature human TGF beta 1 shares 100% aa identity with pig, dog and cow TGF beta 1, and 99% aa identity with mouse, rat and horse TGF beta 1. It demonstrates cross species activity. TGF beta 1 signaling begins with high affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF beta RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF beta RI (also called activin receptor like kinase (ALK) 5), or alternatively, ALK 1. This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription. Contributions of the accessory receptors betaglycan (also known as TGF beta RIII) and endoglin, or use of Smad-independent signaling pathways, allow for disparate actions observed in response to TGF beta in different contexts. Specification: ActiBioPure™, Bioactive, Carrier Free, ≥95%(SDS-PAGE)